His scientific abilities however were evident when he graduated summa cum laude in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1940. I had never existed in the world before. Sidney Gottlieb, the child of Hungarian immigrants, was born on August 3, 1918. This time Whites surveillance post was a small bathroom, with a two-way mirror allowing him to peer into the main room. Hollywood legend Sidney Poitier passed away on January 6, 2022, at the age of 94. Ed passed in his sleep at age 92, his mind still as sharp as ever, his spirit fiercely defiant. In two cases, Dr. Benders treatments lasted, on and off, more than a year. . The New York Medical . He assembled a string of whores, many of them black heroin addicts whom he paid in drugs, to lure their clients to the CIA-sponsored drug and sex sessions. In 1952, the codeword Bluebird was changed to Artichoke. Sidney Gottlieb, who has died aged 80, was everything you have dreamed of in the mad scientist in a pulp novel about the CIA. They would also hand out doctored cigarettes. Noting the apparent tolerance of the subjects to this incredible regimen of lysergic acid, Isbell explained in chilling tones that this type of behavior is to be expected in patients of this type. In another eerie reprise of the Nazi doctors Dachau experiments, Isbell had nine black males strapped to tables, injected with psilocybin, rectal thermometers inserted, lights shown in their eyes to measure pupil dilation and joints whacked to test neural reactions. Andrew Pulver. Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, left, a former CIA scientific chief, talks with his attorney Terry Lepsing before testifying to a Senate health subcommittee. He wanted the patients awake so that he could chart the minute changes in their consciousness the deeper the scalpel blade sliced into the frontal lobe. He simply continued his researches in Baghdad-by-the-Bay. He graduated. A professional spy may or may not stay bought. In fact, it was in the Agencys self-interest that these people be diagnosed as drug addicts or as psychotics. On Nov. 28, 1953, Dr. Frank Olson died on impact after falling 13 floors from his room in the Statler Hotel in New York City. Green. From the early 1950s through most of the 1960s hundreds of American citizens were administered mind-altering drugs. Cameron used a variety of exotic drugs on his patients, once slipping LSD to an unsuspecting woman fourteen times over a two-month period. After getting a doctorate in biochemistry from California Institute of Technology in 1940, he married Margaret Moore, who had been born in India. Like Frank Olson, it was not officially revealed whether or not the death had been a suicide (p. 259). In the meantime, the CIA helped underwrite Eli Lillys efforts to produce synthetic LSD. At one point his interrogators threatened to extend the state indefinitely, even to a permanent condition of insanity. They consummated this promise. Gottlieb urges federal government to surge vaccines to Michigan. AI Chatbots are Even Scarier Than You Think, DeSantiss Educational Policies Come Right Out of the Fascist Playbook, Erase the Memory to Erase a People? But aside from these pioneering works, how did the American press and historians of the CIA deal with this astonishing saga, in which a man such as Olson lost his life, thousands of people were involuntarily and unknowingly dosed with drugs so dangerous or untested that the CIAs own chemists dared not try them? To oversee this operation, Gottlieb turned to George Hunter White, whom we last encountered testing the marijuana truth drug on Mafia muscle man Augusto Del Gracio. Ultimately, Sandoz agreed to supply the Agency with 100 grams a week, deny requests from the Soviet Union and China, and also to furnish the Agency with a regular list of its LSD customers. The CIA began to experiment with LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) under agency chemist and poison expert Sidney Gottlieb. Its cruel, its idiotic, its unspeakably horrible. In his way Sidney Gottlieb was a loyal servant of American government - but his ways differed only in degree from the experiments for which the wartime allies, among them the US, sent Nazi doctors to the gallows for crimes against humanity. Anthropologists also got into the MK-ULTRA act. Indeed, the house became a model for subsequent CIA interrogation facilities. The code-name ULTRA may have been an echo from Helmss and Dulless OSS days, when ULTRA (the breaking of the primary German code) represented one of the biggest secrets of World War II. Free trial available! Gottlieb believed that, to control minds, he would have to blast away the existing mind and then insert a new one. Linda McDonald was typical of Camerons victims, who tended to be women. I never had the guts to kill myself or Id have got out of it long ago. (Good Morning, Midnight). It wasnt long before the CIA researchers carried their investigations beyond the safehouse on Telegraph Hill. The visionary chemist Sidney Gottlieb was the CIA's master magician and gentlehearted torturerthe agency's "poisoner in chief.". The POWs were shot up with barbiturates, allowing them to go to sleep, then abruptly awoken with injections of amphetamines, hypnotized, then questioned. The secretive scientist who only had one known picture of himself was hired in 1951 by Allen Dulles, who would later . A more ambitious project was described in a CIA memo as follows Technical Services Division concocted a plan to spike punchbowls with LSD at the Agencys Christmas party, an amazing idea considering that only a year earlier a similar stunt had resulted in the death of Frank Olson. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Like a baby.. He was portrayed by Tim Blake Nelson in Errol Morris Wormwood in 2017, which was based on the death of Frank Olson who was connected to Gottlieb and died under mysterious circumstances. He ran it until it was shut down in the early '60s. He made pills, powders, and potions that could kill or maim without a traceincluding . Sidney Gottlieb. The psychologist, whose specialty was the use of hypnosis in intelligence operations, worked as a contractor for Naval Intelligence and was later to advise CIA researchers such as Martin Orne and Milton Erickson. Prisoners were also given LSD, notably Whitey Bulger, who volunteered for what he thought were experiments to find a cure for schizophrenia. Unfortunately its visible contribution, of spawning a hippy movement which led the protest against the war, was far more effective. The MK-ULTRA funds pouring into the University of Oklahoma in the 1950s had a similar purpose: the study of the structure and dynamics of urban youth gangs. After a police investigation, it was determined that Olson either jumped or fell to his death a tragedy that was not entirely uncommon in New York City. Dr. Scott Gottlieb, a 44-year-old physician, was confirmed by the Senate this week in a 57-42 vote. Although, of course, he never knew that name. Less well-known is the handkerchief laced with botulinum that was to sent to an Iraqi colonel. The names Fanny Bender Gottlieb and Louis Gottlieb are also cited on . Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control is a 2019 book by The New York Times journalist and historian Stephen Kinzer.The book contains untold stories of a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) chemist called Sidney Gottlieb, who tried to "find a way to control the human brain". The content of their conversations often centered on family and work problems something the prostitutes probably could have told the CIA without any investment of taxpayer money. Gottlieb was the first LSD maven, the original acid visionary. First, he put his patients into a prolonged sleep by injecting them with a daily mixture of Thorazine, Nembutal and Seconal. Human subjects were evoked in the tactful phrase unique research material. At first the CIA experimented mostly on prisoners, drug addicts and terminally sick destitutes. And not only did the subcommittee have Whites diary, it also had Lashbrooks signature on receipts for Whites substantial expenses in New York. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in, Extra 20% off selected fashion and sportswear at Very, Up to 20% off & extra perks with Booking.com Genius Membership, $6 off a $50+ order with this AliExpress discount code, 10% off selected orders over 100 - eBay discount code, Compare broadband packages side by side to find the best deal for you, Compare cheap broadband deals from providers with fastest speed in your area, All you need to know about fibre broadband, Best Apple iPhone Deals in the UK March 2023, Compare iPhone contract deals and get the best offer this March, Compare the best mobile phone deals from the top networks and brands. (AP) One of the jurors who convicted notorious crime boss James "Whitey" Bulger says she regrets her decision after learning that he was an . In addition to administering high doses of LSD, he subjected people to psychological torture, including electroshock therapy. By the early 1970s, the CIAs dirty tricks came under increasing press and congressional scrutiny, and in 1973 agency director Richard Helms gave the order to destroy most of the extant records of the MK Ultra program. The objective was to research how children who spoke different languages were able to communicate. When Helms was on his way out, he and Gottlieb destroyed the records of the experiments. The visionary chemist Sidney Gottlieb was the CIA's master magician and gentlehearted torturerthe agency's "poisoner in chief." As head of the MK-ULTRA mind. I had no identity, no memory. On March 7, 1999, Sidney Gottlieb, who over a period of some two decades oversaw much of the CIAs research and at times operations involving mind control and poisons, died at the age of 80. This bizarre foray in behavioral conditioning consisted of the patients being assaulted by verbal messages played on a loop-feed tape player for sixteen hours a day; the speaker was often hidden under a pillow and was designed to deliver the messages subliminally while the patient slept. All right, Ill tell you. But the CIAs response was to leak to favored reporters at Time, the Chicago Tribune, and the Miami Herald stories to the effect that the American POWs had been brainwashed by their Communist captors. To further the scientific work, Gottlieb sent out the Agencys chief psychologist, John Gittinger, to evaluate the prostitutes through personality tests and, since part of the research was to evaluate the use of sex as a means of eliciting information, to instruct the women in interviewing techniques. He had not told new agency director John McCone about the program, and he double-crossed Earman on a promise to do so. The CIA doctors back at Langley looked on with some amazement at this research, since its own experiments with a similar sensory deprivation tank in 1955 had induced severe psychological reactions in subjects locked up for less than forty hours. Its tools were mind-altering drugs, most notably LSD. These Bluebird interrogations continued throughout the Korean War. Loguey recalls that one of the negative messages Cameron piped into his room for twenty-three straight days was, You killed your mother. Well-known is the journey of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb to the Congo, where his little black bag held an Agency-developed biotoxin scheduled for Patrice Lumumbas toothbrush. Kevin McCarthy is No Edward Snowden, But He Should Find the Comparison Flattering, Assessing Nicaraguas Long Haul toward Liberation and Economic Democracy, A National Divorce? Theyre Doing it in the USA Too, On False Hopes and Broken Promises: Behind the Scenes of the UN Statement on Palestine, A Conversation With Keith Lamar, From Death Row in Ohio, The Nightmare of Great Power Rivalry Over Taiwan, Left to Die: Deterrence, Death, and Rescue in the Borderlands, Japan to Delay Ocean Dumping of Contaminated Waste Water from Fukushima, A Socialist Survival Tactic: Cubas Worker Parliaments, Politics In the Catastrophe, the Elders Calling, The Deafening Silence of Intellectuals in the Face of Growing Global Conflicts, Women Wont Renegotiate Our Place in the Economy, Land for Peace: Borders Arent Sacred, Human Lives Are, Workers, Machines, and Bonus Depreciation, The Abstainers: What Biden Left Out of His Warsaw Speech, When Companies Hire Low-Wage Contractors, They Put My Life at Risk, Humanitys Secret War Against the Environment, Ourselves, and Our Children, Before Norfolk Southern Poisoned Ohio, It Poisoned the Statehouse, Reconciliation Does Not Mean Forgetting in Nicaragua, Its Time to Realize the Farm Bills Transformative Potential, Why News of Population Decline and Economic Slowdown Isnt Necessarily a Bad Thing, Doing Washingtons Bidding: Australias Treatment of Daniel Duggan, Remembering Kuwasi Balagoon and the Forgotten Legacy of Black Anarchism, Prairie Populist, Honest Senator James Abourezk, Fearless Fighter for Justice, Why Biden Snubbed Chinas Ukraine Peace Plan, ILWU Alums Tackle Labor Power and Strategy Questions. Like Frank Olson, it was not officially revealed whether or not the death had been a suicide (p. 259). It was a period when paranoia ruled at Langley, the Virginia headquarters of the CIA. Source: (npr.org), Richard Helms, Gottlieb's supervisor. The project ceased in 1973 and was exposed to the public in 1975. There was a problem, however. He had two reasons: they were unlikely to complain, and there was, he believed, a higher potential that these people could handle untoward side-effects. Gottlieb was interested in finding possible new drugs in Nigeria and in the mind-control techniques of Yoruba shamans. . how did sidney gottlieb die. As was demonstrated in the Olson affair, Gottlieb had powerful friends inside the Agency, notably Richard Helms, at that time deputy director for covert operations. Then there are the endless potions directed at Fidel Castro, from the LSD the Agency wanted to spray in his radio booth to the poisonous fountain pen intended for Castro that was handed by a CIA man to Rolando Cubela in Paris on November 22, 1963. He made pills, powders, and potions that could kill or maim without a traceincluding . The CIA funneled large grants to the University of Oklahoma, home to Dr. Louis Jolly West. We do know, however, who some of the people who became involved in the LSD culture were -- they were introduced to the drug because of Gottlieb, although they never knew his name. Ken Kesey, the author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, got his LSD in an experiment sponsored by the CIA by MK-ULTRA, by Sidney Gottlieb. James Bond had Q, the scientific wizard who supplied 007 with dazzling gadgets to deploy against enemy agents. The Agency had two main concerns: the acquisition of supplies and new compounds, and veto power over sales of such materials to the Eastern bloc. In 1953, CIA director Allen Dulles appointed Gottlieb to "run the covert program". Gottlieb himself said that the creation of MK-ULTRA was inspired by reports of mind-control work in the Soviet Union and China. A CIA report on the project says that, among other things, Artichoke was meant to investigate the theory that agents might be given cover stories under hypnosis and not only learn them faultlessly, but actually believe them. The prisoners were revived, placed in a room with knives and the electrodes in the brains activated by the CIA psychiatrists who were covertly observing them. When she was later interrogated, the agent defended it hotly, denying her true name and rationalizing with conviction the possession of identity cards made out to her real self. Artichoke also explored using hypnosis to recruit high-level political agents and unmask spies and double agents, a particular obsession of James Jesus Angleton, the CIAs counterintelligence chief. In the early 1990s, Ed was an early supporter of our environmental rag, Wild Forest Review, and invited me to start writing for Lies of Our (ie., NY)Times. Source: (wikipedia), Tim Blake Nelson who portrayed him in Wormwood. And in the context of the time, who could argue?". Later, back in Virginia, where he owned a 15-acre goat farm, he worked with dying people in a hospice, and tried to organize a commune. In 1968, in the year of Sidney Gottlieb's passing, on April 4th, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the civil rights leader, was shot and killed by an assassin in Memphis. The visionary chemist Sidney Gottlieb was the CIA's master magician and gentlehearted torturerthe agency's "poisoner in chief.". Lobotomies were another area of intense interest for Dr. Cameron, who instructed his psycho-surgeons to perform their operations using only mild local anesthetics. In July 1968 a team of CIA psychologists set up shop at Bien Hoa Prison outside Saigon, where NLF suspects were being held after Phoenix Program round-ups. Richard Prince was given CIA money for research on folk medicine and faith healing among the Yoruba people in Nigeria. Gottlieb pushed back the trial for Glickman's murder as long as he could, and then, in early March, 1999, Sidney Gottlieb died. The CIAs House of Horrors: the Abominable Dr. Gottlieb, Marx, Capitalism and the Madness of Economic Reason, Mapping My Way Home: Activism, Nostalgia and the Downfall of Apartheid South Africa, The CIAs Changing Take on the Climate Emergency, Emancipation, Hollywoods Best Civil War Film Ever. As John Marks put it, the CIA experimenters did not trip for the experience itself, or to get high, or to sample new realities. The trips lacked the consciousness-heightening ambitions of the Leary generation, however. In 1955 the Narcotics Bureau transferred White to San Francisco. Earman was particularly galled by the itemized list of expenses, including $44 for a telescope, $1,000 for a few days of Whites liquor bill and $31 to pay off a local lady whose car White had rammed. MKUltra aggressively researched mind control -- or "brainwashing" -- using human subjects as guinea pigs. He then got a masters degree in speech therapy and bought an old log cabin in Virginia, with the idea of setting up a communal living space. These studies indicate that from the CIAs earliest days it has had a keen interest in developing methods of social control over potentially disruptive elements in American society. Instead, what happened was the great void. Loguey was sent to Cameron by his family doctor, who believed that a persistent pain Loguey complained about in his leg was psychosomatic. Gottlieb's contribution was to oversee MKUltra. The women, who were known by the San Francisco police as Georges Girls, were protected from arrest. In these instances a certain modicum of informed consent was often required. Gottliebs death, on this date in 1999, was from unspecified causes. The first Bluebird operations were conducted in Japan in October 1950 and were reportedly witnessed by Richard Helms. He was not an effective assassin though, as he did not successfully kill any of the intended targets. A more ambitious project was described in a CIA memo as follows: We thought about the possibility of putting some [LSD] in a city water supply and having citizens wander around in a more or less happy state, not terribly interested in defending themselves., This was certainly a hazardous time to be at any public function attended by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb and his associates. Gottlieb asked White to establish a CIA safehouse in New York, invite suitable subjects to party there, drug them covertly and then review their behavior. It was always intended as an operational program, and by the early 1960s these techniques were being fully deployed in the field, sometimes in situations so vile that they rivaled in evil the efforts of the Nazi scientists in German concentration camps. Ray died in jail in 1998. The CIA funded a project at the Childrens International Summer Village. One of his subjects was a young creative writing student at Stanford, Ken Kesey, who would become the drugs chief proponent in the sixties counterculture. David B. And none of that happened.. Using injections of amphetamines he brought patients out of their sleep three times a day when they would be forced to endure severe electro-shock treatments involving voltages forty times more intense than those considered safe and therapeutic at the time. However, Gottlieb died in 1999 . But that didnt end the matter. Wed 10 Mar 1999 20.28 EST. A story in which for more than twenty years the CIA paid for such illegal activities, protected criminals from arrest, let others suffer without intervention and tried to destroy all evidence of its crimes? Margaret Mead sat with Ewen Cameron on the editorial board of a CIA-funded publication called the Research in Mental Health Newsletter, which discussed the use of psychedelic drugs to induce and treat schizophrenia. Gottliebs career came to an end in 1973 when Richard Nixon removed Richard Helms from his position as the director of the C.I.A. how did sidney gottlieb die. Had he been deported to Auschwitz he might even have fallen into the hands of the infamous Dr. Josef Mengele. Only the enemy had changed. The public disclosure of the MKULTRA program in the 1970s during Senate investigations of CIA activities and the program's further exploration in John Marks's 1978 book The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control had both political and cultural ramifications. Whites diary records that Lashbrook visited the apartment on numerous occasions, delivering drugs and watching the human guinea pigs through the two-way mirror. Gottlieb hailed this triumph as a key breakthrough that would enable the CIA to buy the drug in tonnage quantities. Such large amounts were not of course required for interrogation: Gottliebs aim was instead to have the ability to incapacitate large populations and armies. Sidney Gottlieb, the child of Hungarian immigrants, was born on August 3, 1918. I had to be toilet trained, McDonald said. He also investigated the practical benefits of inducing paralysis in some of his patients by giving them injections of curare. My uncle Frank Olson died sometime around 2:30 a.m. on Nov. 28, 1953 when he "jumped or fell" from his room on the 13th floor of the Statler Hotel in New York City. Jeffrey St. Clairis editor of CounterPunch. The son of Hungarian Jewish immigrants, Gottlieb excelled in the sciences at City College. And Im very much afraid of the whole bloody human race. Posted in Crime, Policy, Science, War | 2 Comments He worked with the CIA during the Cold War, using all of his scientific know-how in the field of biochemistry to help America get a leg up over the evil Ruskies. In fact, CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb had gone well beyond curare, a toxin that is found in tropical plants. White was guaranteed an unceasing flow of drink, all of it paid for by Gottlieb. . Both of these techniques would later become staples of the operations of one of MK-ULTRAs most infamous contractors, Dr. D. Ewen Cameron. A stutterer from childhood, Gottlieb got a . Additionally, CIA agents captured expendables in Asia and Europe and subjected them to not only LSD, but electroshock and other methods of torture, asking them questions to see if they could destroy the human ego. This is a field with which I am familiar through formulating guidelines for the technique used by the US in two world wars. During his studies in California, Gottlieb met Margaret Moore, the India-born daughter of Christian missionaries, whom he married in 1942. James Earl Ray was apprehended and plead guilty to shooting Dr. King. The subject was also attached to a polygraph machine. Advertisement. Since he passed, fans have wondered how Sidney Poitier died and what caused his death. Estabrooks was a Rhodes scholar who had trained in psychology at Harvard with Gardner Murphy. The man with the clubfoot also spent his time folk-dancing, and, having suffered his entire life from a bad stutter, also completed a masters degree in speech therapy. The therapeutic sessions were filmed and passed along for viewing by Himmler. Source: dailytelegraph.com.au, A guinea pig in the LSD experiments. Except that he was real. how did sidney gottlieb die. The project, called MKUltra, began in 1953, two years after Gottlieb had joined the agency as chief of its technical services division. Ken Kesey on LSD. On a sunny afternoon in 1984, a 66-year-old retired CIA chemist named Sidney Gottlieb prepared for a most unusual visitor. Over the next three days, the subject underwent intense interrogation, while CIA doctors gave him intravenous infusions of hallucinogens and placed him under hypnosis. Get email notification for articles from David B. Using CIA and Rockefeller funds, Cameron pioneered research into the use of sensory deprivation techniques. The best-known experiments involved LSD, although that's not Gottlieb's only legacy. As a poison expert, he headed the chemical division of the Technical Services . He was even, by . In 1982 he was found drowned in his swimming pool in Maryland. Kinzer describes the Poisoner-in-Chief's hand in the assassination of . Gottlieb died in 1999, leaving us to try to piece together the things that he did during his secretive career. CIA and armed service colleagues were also involuntarily subjected to acid, sometimes with lethal consequences. Despite his physical affliction he was an ardent square dancer and exponent of the polka, capering across many a dance floor and dragging visiting psychiatrists and chemists on terpsichorean trysts where appalling plans of mind control were ruminated amidst the blare of the bands. It was the normal habit of Gottlieb and his CIA colleagues back in Virginia to test all materials on themselves, but more than 800 different compounds were sent over to Isbells shop for the addicts to try first. Gottlieb, born on August 3, 1918 in New York, was raised in an Orthodox home by Jewish immigrants from Hungary. Sidney Gottlieb Biography. Amid the ensuing fracas, the CIAs man fled up a cathedral tower and threatened to throw himself off it. Dr. Scott Gottlieb was sworn in as the 23rd commissioner of Food and Drugs on May 10, 2017. The potential for military intelligence has been nightmarish, Estabrooks wrote. Haaretz.com, the online English edition of Haaretz Newspaper in Israel, gives you breaking news, analyses and opinions about Israel, the Middle East and the Jewish World. Sidney Gottlieb, chemist and intelligence officer: born New York 3 August 1918; married 1942 Margaret Moore (two sons, two daughters); died Washington, Virginia 7 March 1999. Eventually Thornwell turned to the intelligence officers for help in escaping this harassment. The 2019 biography of Gottlieb, Poisoner in Chief, cites that his parents were Louis and Fanny Gottlieb, who were Hungarian-born and who settled in New York City. Helms knew he was in a spot of trouble. In Frankfurt, where the CIA was ensconced in the former offices of IG Farben, a CIA civilian contractor an American psychologist named Richard Wendt was assigned the task of testing a cocktail of THC, Dexedrine and Seconal on five people under interrogation who were suspected of being double agents or bogus defectors. In 1951, Gottlieb joined the Central Intelligence Agency. The author of the Bender-Gestalt used her CIA money to pump hallucinogens, including LSD, into children between the ages of seven and eleven. He once locked a woman in a small white box for thirty-five days, where she was deprived of all light, smells and sounds. Bulger was given LSD every day for a year. In 1971, Estabrooks gave a chilling portrait of his career in an article in Science Digest titled Hypnosis Comes of Age. One of the most fascinating but dangerous applications of hypnosis is its use in military intelligence, Estabrooks wrote. The man dashed out the building, across the street, past the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, hallucinating that he was beset by monsters with huge eyes. June 30, 2022 . Gottlieb's life after the CIA resembled a quest for atonement. As he headed off toward eventual death from cirrhosis of the liver, White wrote an envoi to his old sponsor Sidney Gottlieb: I toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun. Major newspapers ran obituaries when he died in 1999. Lilly, the Indianapolis-based drug company, succeeded in this endeavor in 1954. CIA Sidney Gottlieb, the man who oversaw all of the project MK-Ultra mind-control experiments. The Artichoke scientists deemed the interrogation profitable and successful. They noted that post-hypnotic suggestion had left the subject completely confused with a severe headache and a vague and faulty memory of the interrogation. As soon as the story hit the paper it was yesterdays news, and we waited and waited for real congressional hearings and we waited for the lists of people who were victims to be notified. Its subjects, almost all of them unwitting, were society's outcasts: prostitutes and their clients, mental patients, convicted criminals - people, in the words of one of Gottlieb's colleagues, "who could not fight back".
Oscn Case Search, Articles H