In most states, the transportation sector was found to have above-average linkages to other sectors of the economy. Some literature has acknowledged a vagueness of the concept of sustainable tourism, which has been used to advocate for fundamentally different strategies for tourism development that may exacerbate existing conflicts between conservation and development paradigms (Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Hunter, 1995; Liu, 2003; McKercher, 1993b). The early focus on environmental issues in sustainable tourism has been broadened to include economic, social, and cultural issues as well as questions of power and equity in society (Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Sharpley, 2014), and some of these frameworks have integrated notions of social equity, prosperity, and cultural heritage values. Many developing countries have managed to increase their participation in the global economy through development of international tourism. Becken and Lennox (2012) studied the implications of a long-term increase in oil prices for tourism in New Zealand, and they estimate that a doubling of oil prices is associated with a 1.7% decrease in real gross national disposable income and a 9% reduction in the real value of tourism exports. (2013) investigated the relationship among oil price shocks, tourism variables, and economic indicators in four European Mediterranean countries and found that aggregate demand oil price shocks generated a lagged effect on tourism-generated income and economic growth. They suggest that slow tourism is the antithesis of mass tourism, which relies on increasing the quantity of tourists who move through the system with little regard to either the quality of the tourists experience or the benefits that accrue to the localities the tourist visits (Conway & Timms, 2010, p. 332). The authors draw on cases from Barbados, the Grenadines, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago to characterize models of slow tourism development in remote fishing villages and communities near nature preserves and sea turtle nesting sites. Tourism is not robust in that it cannot resist threats and perturbations, such as economic shocks, public health pandemics, war, and other disruptions. Nevertheless, studies of the impacts of tourism development have documented negative environmental impacts locally in terms of land use, food and water consumption, and congestion, and globally in terms of the contribution of tourism to climate change through the emission of greenhouse gases related to transportation and other tourist activities. Second, waste emission rates should not exceed the natural assimilative capacities of the ecosystems into which the wastes are emitted. Assessments of the sustainability of tourism have highlighted several themes, including (a) parks, biodiversity, and conservation; (b) pollution and climate change; (c) prosperity, economic growth, and poverty alleviation; d) peace, security, and safety; and (e) population stabilization and reduction (Buckley, 2012). Cater (1993) identified three key criteria for sustainable tourism: (a) meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved living standards both in the short and long terms; (b) satisfying the demands of a growing number of tourists; and (c) safeguarding the natural environment in order to achieve both of the preceding aims. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Community Sustainability, Michigan State University, United Nations World Tourism Organization, World Commission on Environment and Development, Framing Concepts in Environmental Science, Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.387, Aligning key concepts for global change policy: Robustness, resilience, and sustainability, Deep rootsa conceptual history of sustainable development (Nachhaltigkeit), Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic, Blue water turns black: Economic impact of oil spill on tourism and fishing in Brazilian Northeast, An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. The social impacts of tourism have been widely studied, with an emphasis on residents perceptions in the host community (Sharpley, 2014). By 2002, these countries represented only 35%, which underscores the emergence of newly accessible travel destinations in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific Rim, including numerous developing countries. Chatziantoniou et al. As noted by Buckley (2012), tourism researchers turned their attention to social and environmental issues around the same time (Cohen, 1978; Farrell & McLellan, 1987; Turner & Ash, 1975; Young, 1973). Sustainable tourism is dependent on critical long-term considerations of the impacts; notions of equity; an appreciation of the importance of linkages (i.e., economic, social, and environmental); and the facilitation of cooperation and collaboration between different stakeholders (Elliott & Neirotti, 2008). Tourism is vulnerable to economic crisis, both local economic shocks (Okumus & Karamustafa, 2005; Stylidis & Terzidou, 2014) and global economic crisis (Papatheodorou et al., 2010; Smeral, 2010). The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm in 1972, the same year as the publication of The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972), which highlighted the concerns about the implications of exponential economic and population growth in a world of finite resources. Numerous studies have examined the impact of tourism expenditure on GDP, income, employment, and public sector revenue. Responsible tourism has been characterized in terms of numerous elements, including. Regional economic strength has been found to be associated with lower vulnerability to natural disasters. They contend that responsible tourism practices are of particular importance in the region because of the rich biological diversity, abundant charismatic wildlife, and the critical need for local economic development and livelihood strategies. (1998) estimated the demand for ecotourism in a study of differential pricing of entrance fees at national parks in Costa Rica. Studies have concluded with support for both the tourism-led growth hypothesis (e.g., Durbarry, 2004; Katircioglu, 2010) and the economic-led growth hypothesis (e.g., Katircioglu, 2009; Oh, 2005), whereas other studies have found support for a bidirectional causality for tourism and economic growth (e.g., Apergis & Payne, 2012; Lee & Chang, 2008). Tourism is vulnerable to extreme weather events. In the context of the Caribbean region, slow tourism has been promoted as more culturally sensitive and authentic, as compared to the dominant mass tourism development model that is based on all-inclusive beach resorts dependent on foreign investment (Conway & Timms, 2010). Second, alternative paradigms have situated sustainable tourism in the context of wider sustainable development policies (Butler, 1991). Tourism has played an important role in sustainable development in some countries through the development of alternative tourism models, including ecotourism, community-based tourism, pro-poor tourism, slow tourism, green tourism, and heritage tourism, among others that aim to enhance livelihoods, increase local economic growth, and provide for environmental protection. Such a paradigm would reconsider the scope, scale, and sectoral context of tourism-related resource utilization issues. It is clear that tourism has contributed significantly to economic development globally, but its role in sustainable development is uncertain, debatable, and potentially contradictory. This was the same year that the famous Blue Marble photograph of Earth was taken by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft (Hhler, 2015, p. 10), and the image captured the planet cloaked in the darkness of space and became a symbol of Earths fragility and vulnerability. Pro-poor approaches to tourism development include increasing access of impoverished people to economic benefits; addressing negative social and environmental impacts associated with tourism; and focusing on policies, processes, and partnerships that seek to remove barriers to participation by people living in poverty. Spenceley (2012) compiled case studies of community-based tourism in countries in southern Africa, including Botswana, Madagascar, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. meet the needs and wants of the local host community in terms of improved living standards and quality of life; satisfy the demands of tourists and the tourism industry, and continue to attract them in order to meet the first aim; and, safeguard the environmental resource base for tourism, encompassing natural, built and cultural components, in order to achieve both of the preceding aims. (Hunter, 1995, p. 156). Other studies revealed similar narratives and recorded statements of exclusion and socioeconomic stratification (Sanchez & Adams, 2008). Numerous studies have examined the impacts of earthquake events on tourism, including studies of the aftermath of the 1997 earthquake in central Italy (Mazzocchi & Montini, 2001), the 1999 earthquake in Taiwan (Huan et al., 2004; Huang & Min, 2002), and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in western Sichuan, China (Yang et al., 2011), among others. Regenerative and assimilative capacities are characterized as natural capital, and a failure to maintain these capacities is not sustainable. Nature-based tourism approaches such as ecotourism and community-based tourism have been successful at attracting tourists to parks and protected areas, and their spending provides financial support for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and economic growth in developing countries. The findings document a long-run asymmetrical effect for most countries, after incorporating the structural breaks, suggesting that governments and tourism businesses and organizations should interpret oil price fluctuations cautiously. Tourism is a global phenomenon that involves travel, recreation, the consumption of food, overnight accommodations, entertainment, sightseeing, and other activities that simultaneously intersect the lives of local residents, businesses, and communities. Food production has significant implications for sustainable development, given the growing global demand for food. Tourism has played a critical role in sustainable development in many countries and regions around the world. Although the modern concept of sustainable development emerged with the publication of Our Common Future, sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest management that were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries (Blewitt, 2015; Grober, 2007). (2020) estimated the social costs of the pandemic to tourism in three cities in China (Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Wuhan), and they found that most respondents were willing to pay for risk reduction and action in responding to the pandemic crisis; there was no significant difference between residents willingness to pay in the three cities. Although tourism has been promoted as a low-impact, non-extractive option for economic development, (Gssling, 2000), assessments reveal that such pursuits have a significant carbon footprint, as tourism is significantly more carbon intensive than other potential areas of economic development (Lenzen et al., 2018). The term ecotourism was coined by Hector Ceballos-Lascurin and defined by him as tourism that consists in travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals (Ceballos-Lascurin, 1987, p. 13). Countries that are dependent on tourism for economic growth may be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (Richardson & Witkoswki, 2010). Tourism is dependent on energy, and virtually all energy use in the tourism sector is derived from fossil fuels, which contribute to global greenhouse emissions that are associated with global climate change. Four basic principles are fundamental to the concept of sustainability: (a) the idea of holistic planning and strategy making; (b) the importance of preserving essential ecological processes; (c) the need to protect both human heritage and biodiversity; and (d) the need to develop in such a way that productivity can be sustained over the long term for future generations (Bramwell & Lane, 1993). In this volume, authors characterize community-based and nature-based tourism development projects in the region and demonstrate how community participation in planning and decision making has generated benefits for local residents and supported conservation initiatives. Rogerson (2011) argues that the growth of pro-poor tourism initiatives in South Africa suggests that the country has become a laboratory for the testing and evolution of new approaches toward sustainable development planning that potentially will have relevance for other countries in the developing world. The concept of sustainable tourism, as with the role of tourism in sustainable development, has been interpreted in different ways, and there is a lack of consensus concerning its meaning, objectives, and indicators (Sharpley, 2000). tourism graph industry australia gdp state roles economic bulletin sector government rba territory levels quarter december The potential of tourism development as a tool to contribute to environmental conservation, economic growth, and poverty reduction is derived from several unique characteristics of the tourism system (UNWTO, 2002). assessing environmental, social, and economic impacts as a prerequisite to tourism development (Spenceley, 2012). Many such studies contrast types of alternative tourism with those of mass tourism, which has received sustained criticism for decades and is widely considered to be unsustainable (Cater, 1993; Conway & Timms, 2010; Fennell, 2020; Gursoy et al., 2010; Liu, 2003; Peeters, 2012; Zapata et al., 2011). The burning of fossil fuels for transportation generates emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change, which is fundamentally unsustainable. The study identified several critical success factors for CBT enterprises, namely, awareness and sensitization, community empowerment, effective leadership, and community capacity building, which can inform appropriate tourism policy formulation in Kenya. The link was not copied. In addition, tourism contributes to the pollution of oceans as well as lakes, rivers, and other freshwater systems (Gssling, 2002; Gssling et al., 2011). Some research has emphasized how lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic can prepare global tourism for an economic transformation that is needed to mitigate the impacts of climate change (Brouder, 2020; Prideaux et al., 2020). The sustainability of tourism as an economic sector has been examined in terms of its vulnerability to civil conflict, economic shocks, natural disasters, and public health pandemics. bahamas bank development bay west street You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sustainable forest management is concerned with the stewardship and use of forests in a way that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, and regeneration capacity as well as their potential to fulfill societys demands for forest products and benefits. The economic benefits and costs of tourism are frequently distributed unevenly. Ecotourism has also been studied extensively in Kenya (Southgate, 2006), Malaysia (Lian Chan & Baum, 2007), Nepal (Baral et al., 2008), Peru (Stronza, 2007), and Taiwan (Lai & Nepal, 2006), among many other countries. Models of responsible or alternative tourism development include ecotourism, community-based tourism, pro-poor tourism, slow tourism, green tourism, and heritage tourism, among others. The notion of sustainable development is often associated with the publication of Our Common Future, the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Commission (WCED, 1987). Much of the early research on sustainable tourism focused on defining the concept, which has been the subject of vigorous debate (Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Hunter, 1995; Inskeep, 1991; Liu, 2003; Sharpley, 2000). 1. Ecotourism in Costa Rica has been seen as having supported the economic development of the country while promoting biodiversity conservation in its extensive network of protected areas. (2007) indicate, the focus on poor people in the South reflects a strong anthropocentric view . At the local level, pro-poor tourism can play a very significant role in livelihood security and poverty reduction (Ashley & Roe, 2002). and . Tourists are attracted to remote areas with high values of cultural, wildlife, and landscape assets. Local residents often must navigate the gaps in the racialized, gendered, and sexualized structures imposed by the global tourism industry and host-country governments (Cabezas, 2004). As Chok et al. Tourism was seen to have had positive impacts on strengthening local knowledge and skills, particularly on the integration of women to new roles in the labor market. In some regions, little is known about the social and cultural impacts of tourism despite its dominance as an economic sector. Mass tourism has been associated with economic leakage and dependence, along with negative environmental and social impacts. The notion of sustainable tourism development emerged in contrast to mass tourism, which is characterized by the participation of large numbers of people, often provided as structured or packaged tours. The regional benefits of tourism development must be considered alongside the global impacts of increased transportation and tourism participation. Global tourism has also been shown to be vulnerable to economic crises, oil price shocks, and global outbreaks of infectious diseases. Advocates of slow tourism tend to emphasize slowness in terms of speed, mobility, and modes of transportation that generate less environmental pollution. Between 2009 and 2013, tourisms global carbon footprint is estimated to have increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO2e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Lenzen et al., 2018). Conway and Timms (2010) focus on the destination, advocating for slow tourism in terms of a promotional identity for an industry in need of rebranding. Community-based tourism has been examined for its potential to contribute to poverty reduction. Mass tourism has been associated with numerous negative environmental impacts and social impacts (Cater, 1993; Conway & Timms, 2010; Fennell, 2020; Ghimire, 2013; Gursoy et al., 2010; Liu, 2003; Peeters, 2012; Wheeller, 2007). Tourism is dependent on travel, and nearly all forms of transportation require the use of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels for energy. The dominant paradigm of sustainable tourism development has been described as introverted, tourism-centric, and in competition with other sectors for scarce resources (McKercher, 1993a). CBT emerged during the 1970s as a response to the negative impacts of the international mass tourism development model (Cater, 1993; Hall & Lew, 2009; Turner & Ash, 1975; Zapata et al., 2011). Ecotourism represents a small segment of nature-based tourism, which is understood as tourism based on the natural attractions of an area, such as scenic areas and wildlife (Gssling, 1999). As such, the objectives of these models of tourism development tend to focus on minimizing environmental impacts, supporting biodiversity conservation, empowering local communities, alleviating poverty, and engendering pleasant relationships between tourists and residents. By most measures, the global tourism system does not meet these criteria for sustainability. The growth of tourism has been marked by an increase in the competition for tourist expenditures, making it difficult for destinations to maintain their share of the international tourism market (Butler, 1991). Tourists consume water for drinking, when showering and using the toilet, when participating in activities such as winter ski tourism (i.e., snowmaking), and when using swimming pools and spas. Global tourism has had an average annual increase of 6.6% over the past half century, with international tourist arrivals rising sharply from 25.2 million in 1950 to more than 950 million in 2010. Nevertheless, they have been studied extensively in the literature, which provides some context for how these benefits and costs are distributed. Tourism development is cyclical and subject to short-term cycles and overconsumption of resources. Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that we can fulfill economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. The notion of sustainable tourism has been reconceptualized in the literature by several authors who provided alternative frameworks for tourism development (Buckley, 2012; Gssling, 2002; Hunter, 1995; Liu, 2003; McKercher, 1993b; Sharpley, 2000). First, tourism represents an opportunity for economic diversification, particularly in marginal areas with few other export options. However, these analyses do not cover the supply chains underpinning tourism, and do not therefore represent true carbon footprints. Such ideas imply that tourism may be well aligned with the tenets of sustainable development. Tourism is also labor intensive; it provides small-scale employment opportunities, which also helps to promote gender equity. Fresh water is also needed to maintain hotel gardens and golf courses, and water use is embedded in tourism infrastructure development (e.g., accommodations, laundry, dining) and in food and fuel production. Such studies include analyses of the impacts of terrorist attacks on three European countries, Greece, Italy, and Austria (Enders et al., 1992); the impact of the 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States (Goodrich, 2002); terrorism and tourism in Nepal (Bhattarai et al., 2005); vulnerability of tourism livelihoods in Bali (Baker & Coulter, 2007); the impact of terrorism on tourist preferences for destinations in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands (Arana & Len, 2008); the 2011 massacres in Olso and Utya, Norway (Wolff & Larsen, 2014); terrorism and political violence in Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019); and the impact of terrorism on European tourism (Corbet et al., 2019), among others. Recognizing its value as an alternative marketing strategy, Conway and Timms (2010) make the case for rebranding alternative tourism in the Caribbean as a means of revitalizing the sector for the changing demands of tourists in the 21st century. They propose niche marketing for alternative forms of tourism that focus on quality upgrading rather than merely increasing the quantity of visitors via the established mass-tourism infrastructure (Conway & Timms, 2010). As a result, many commonplace tourist activities such as sightseeing may be perceived as invasive by members of the host community. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. In turn, stable economic growth will provide the resources needed to develop the tourism infrastructure for the success of the countries tourism sector. Sustainable development is the foundational principle for enhancing human and economic development while maintaining the functional integrity of ecological and social systems that support regional economies. The results revealed some advantages of economies of scale for maximizing the economic contribution of tourism. The role of tourism in sustainable development has been studied extensively, and with a variety of perspectives, including the conceptualization of alternative or responsible forms of tourism and the examination of economic, environmental, and social impacts of tourism development. In addition to achieving balance between economic growth and the conservation of natural resources, there should be a balance of fairness and opportunity between the nations of the world. Kisswani et al. The panel of Caribbean countries includes: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. In integrating an ethical component to mass tourism development, Weaver (2014, p. 131) suggests that the desirable outcome is enlightened mass tourism. Such suggestions have been contested in the literature and criticized for dubious assumptions about emergent norms of sustainability and support for growth, which are widely seen as contradictory (Peeters, 2012; Wheeller, 2007). Tourism enables communities that are poor in material wealth, but rich in history and cultural heritage, to leverage their unique assets for economic development (Honey & Gilpin, 2009). Tourism has been associated with the principles of sustainable development because of its potential to support environmental protection and livelihoods. This increased positive attitude is not based on an increase in the perception of positive impacts of tourism, but rather in a decrease in the perception of the negative impacts. Many developing countries are in regions that are characterized by high levels of species diversity, natural resources, and protected areas. Although these models have been given significant attention among researchers, the extent of their implementation in tourism planning initiatives has been limited, superficial, or incomplete in many contexts. Many developing countries are in regions that are characterized by high levels of biological diversity, natural resources, and cultural heritage sites that attract international tourists whose local purchases generate income and support employment and economic development. Most studies conclude that tourism may have positive impacts for regional development and environmental conservation, but there is evidence that tourism inherently generates negative environmental impacts, primarily through pollutions stemming from transportation. The history of ecotourism is closely connected with the emergence of sustainable development, as it was born out of a concern for the conservation of biodiversity. emmalyn kotte liwag countries First, sustainable development implies that harvest rates should be no greater than rates of regeneration; this concept is known as maximum sustainable yield. Additional research has emphasized the impacts of environmental change on tourism itself, including the impacts of climate change on tourist behavior (Gssling et al., 2012; Richardson & Loomis, 2004; Scott et al., 2012; Viner, 2006). It is clear that tourism has contributed significantly to economic development globally, but its role in sustainable development is uncertain, contested, and potentially paradoxical. Research on tourism and the environment spans a wide range of social and natural science disciplines, and key contributions have been disseminated across many interdisciplinary fields, including biodiversity conservation, climate science, economics, and environmental science, among others (Buckley, 2011; Butler, 1991; Gssling, 2002; Lenzen et al., 2018). However, residents who recognize negative impacts may not necessarily oppose tourism development (King et al., 1993). In most cases, residents recognize the economic dependence on tourism for income, and there is substantial evidence to suggest that working in or owning a business in tourism or a related industry is associated with more positive perceptions of tourism (Andereck et al., 2007).