violation of the laws of a society by a person or a group of people who are subject to the laws of that society. Republican, Democrat, Independent, or Libertarian can fall within this Spectrum--limited to the moderate ends of the spectrum. the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all stages of criminal proceedings and punishment. If defendants are not satisfied with the outcome of their trials, then they have the right to: The defendants enters their plea at the _____. For example, police officer (primarily those having the least experience, education, and training) have great discretion over whom they arrest and are effectively able to dictate policy as they go about performing their duties. Which of the following is an example of actus reus? How much does it cost an individual who is not professional to play these sports? This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law. and for having founded the sociology of science. In what instances might one approach be preferred? the total number of eight specific types of offenses that are known to the police in any given year, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It explains cost, discretion, and errors. What effect, if any, do you think this could have on general attendance? What factors might cause a behavior that is not desirable in one generation become acceptable? Without the law enforcement branch of the criminal justice system, each person would need to enforce the laws around them. a minor criminal offense usually punishable by a small fine or short jail sentence, the conditional release of a prison inmate who has served part of a sentence and who remains under the court's control. When the family returns home, they noticed their items were missing. Self-report surveys are most often conducted on which of the following groups? What does Lombroso suggest is the relationship between tattoos, sensitivity, and crime. According to the Criminal Justice Funnel, who is the weakest link in the Criminal Justice system? Twenty years ago, body piercing (other than for earrings) was considered deviant behavior. Which of the following is NOT a property crime? Although there is currently a family living in the home, they are away that night and the house is unoccupied. The funnel model explaisn the result of decisions made by the criminal justice professionals, for every 1000 crimes commited only 25 are convicted, 5 juvinles and 20 adults incarcerated. published annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the most well-known source of official statistics on crime. This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trepass, and negligence. Typically, the number of crimes known to the police per 100,000 members of the population. A request to a higher court that it review actions taken in a trial court. Which of these steps occurs first in the formal criminal justice process? a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful. The factor's discussed that influence the use of police discretion. A man breaks into a home during the night. A bargain struck between the defendant's lawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime (or fewer crimes) in exchange for the state's promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious (or additional) crime. C) property taxes. Conduct research on other major sports football, baseball, hockey, skiing, tennis, and golf. Papachristou V. Jacksonville "night walking" 1972, Margaret Papachristou and others (defendants) were arrested and charged with vagrancy. Which perspective holds that the purpose of the system is to ensure fair and equal treatment of all those accused of crimes? Type of tort or civil wrong. Initial contact- pulling over, asking questions about incident, respodinging to a call. In the context of criminal law, diversion refers to diverting a defendant out if the criminal justice system by having them complete a diversion program rather than be incarcerated or serve another alternative sentence. What are those characteristics? What is social control? Jenny hires a hit man to kill her husband so she can collect on his 13 million insurance policy. What is the most important master status you have held? They maintain order and enforce criminal and traffic laws, respond to situations appropriately, and exercise discretion, List all 15 critical decision points in the criminal justice process in order. Many textbooks written prior to the 1980s presented men is challenging and aggressive activities but portrayed women as homemaker, mothers, nurses, and secretaries just as many early textbooks did not provide a balanced view of different races and ethnicities. Match the following examples with the major theoretical perspective: functionalism (F), conflict theory (C), symbolic interactionism (SI). the chronological documentation that shows the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical or electronic evidence. to literature, that seeks to confront the social, historical, and ideological forces and structures that produce and constrain it. Following events of September 11 then president bush declared? A person found guilty but mentally ill is. Crimes that are not reported and thus are unknown to the police. Current research says that religion often reflects conventional (traditional) norms. a crime, typically one involving violence, regarded as more serious than a misdemeanor, and usually punishable by imprisonment for more than one year or by death. American citizens must pay federal taxes, which are paid via Do you think that our society benefits more, from competitive situations or cooperative situations? a philosophical approach to culture, and esp. gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals. EX: speeding in traffic, offenses that are wrong by their very nature, offenses prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves. These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prositution, and negligence. Their principle of using precedents to guide future decisions in court cases is called. Packer, a Stanford University law professor, constructed two models, the crime control model and the due process model. b. Appeal and Habeas Corpus 2. Which form of law originated in England and refers to a body of unwritten legal precedent? Some cases are dismissed, while others are referred for treatment or counseling. Early in the criminal justice process, there are many cases, but the number of cases dwindles as decision makers remove cases from the process. You read about positive and negative correlations. The defense of duress would be acceptable in all crimes except. the process that takes place when police decide that a citizen's complaint of a crime is not supported by available evidence. Try to determine where and by whom these sports tend to be played. What did Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys reveal? The most common example of an inchoate offense is conspiracy. The National Crime Victim Survey samples roughly how many households? the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Passing the test would give employers and colleges some assurance that a certain standard of achievement was met. Threatening to harm an individual. proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial. a. Rock-star subculture b. Why? If police could make arrests ________, crime would decrease. a. For instance, basketball is an urban game that does not require a lot of money to play. During the ancient times, the people of Mesopotamia lived under the rule of the Babylonian king, Hammurabi. Is body piercing a fad or a fashion? D) sin taxes. Misdemeanors. Match terms a-e with the numbered example. surveys that attempt to measure the amount of crime committed and describe the characteristics of offenders by asking people if they have committed offenses, in regard to victim surveys, the possibility that a respondent will erroneously include an earlier event in reporting on criminal victimization during a specific time period. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), - Government survey of over 50,000 households (about 120,000 individuals), - Reveal information about their violations of the law, - Age (Age is inversely related to criminality), - Wrong only because they are currently prohibited, relative (ex. investigation- making sure there is enough probable cause for legal arrest, gathered information to identify suspect. . Model of the criminal justice system in which the local, state, and federal criminal justice system are depicted as horizontal levels connected vertically by the roles, functions, and activities of the agencies that comprise them. Physical strength is not as important for males today as it was in past times. An annually published statistical summary of crimes reported to the police, based on voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies (16,000+). Name three nonmaterial and three material elements that represent American culture to you. This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues. Beccaria said __________ was too serve of a punishment. The problem of crime, and especially of the operation of the criminal justice system is one of the most fundamental of these problems, and one which in many respects typifies the operation of a wide class of social systems. The twin studies that were conducted by Dutch bio criminologists in the 1970s sought to establish a link between crime and what type of factors? What impact do you think this devaluing of muscle strength has on society? In juvenile justice, this term refers to the trial. the amount of criminal activity that is unreported and undetected; specifically, the amount of crime that is not included in official statistics such as the Uniform Crime Report, the practice of reducing the seriousness of a crime alleged by a victim or complainant, such as recording a reported felony as if it were a misdemeanor, in regard to victim surveys, the possibility that a respondent will forget a crime that occurred during a specific time period, the effect by which the criminal justice system operates like a giant sieve, continuously filtering the huge volume of crimes and criminals to the relatively small number of offenders who are incarcerated in the nation's prisons, a term coined by Sherman, Gartin, and Buerger to refer to locations where much more crime can be found that at other places. Why is the criminal justice system characterized as a funnel? research based on the longitudinal study of an identifiable group of individuals. e. How did Americans lose their dominance in this sport? Declaring that it's illegal for business, hotels, restaurants, and public transportation to deny citizens service based on race, Conditional releases of convicted offenders prior to his or her serving any prison time, Which of the following is not an example of a reference group? Arrest: enough evidence to makes proable cause to arrest, this could also beissued through a court document, Custody- Putting someone into a squad car, police car, interrogation room, or jail cell, name all of the steps that associate with the law enforcement process, Charge- enough evidence to charge a crime case, the prosecutors office give opinion and charges, Prelimary hearing- in front of a judge, or grand jury, to see if needs to continue case of drop due to false evidence, arraignment- defendant has right to know if formal charges are against them and the right to an attorney and the trail date is set, bail or detention- compromise that they will return for trail, plea bargaining- involves a guilty plea from the defendant in exchange for reducing charges or sentence- 90% do this.